Low-temperature superconductor based sensing systems offer unprecedented sensitivity, but compared to their room temperature counterparts, are relatively undeveloped. The research objective of this program is to explore how the information gathering capabilities of cryogenic sensor systems can be improved by an order of magnitude through novel combinations of ultra-low-power silicon circuits and superconducting sensors. Two different system applications are being studied: terahertz superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixer focal plane arrays and near-infrared superconducting nanowire single photon detector cameras. In each case, the quantitative goal will be to enable the realization of cameras with over 1,000 independent pixels in a single 4 K cryostat. Achieving this level of integration will require an order of magnitude reduction in the power consumption of the active electronics. The basic research carried out under this program is expected to advance the state of the art in cryogenic integrated circuit design, ultra-low-power cryogenic low-noise amplifiers, superconducting nanowire single photon detector readout, on-wafer noise measurement techniques, and the heterogeneous integration of superconductor and semiconductor circuits. This research is important because it addresses open problems in measurement, design, and system integration, and the resulting system capabilities will be transformative to members of the scientific community.